Bulgakov on Death  

Posted by Joe Rawls

Sergei Bulgakov (1871-1944) was one of the leading Russian Orthodox theologians of the 20th century.  His multi-volume systematic theology, of which The Bride of the Lamb (Boris Jakim translator, Eerdmans 2002) is the culmination, speaks of many things.  Since the anniversary of his death was recently observed on July 13, let's look at a bit of what he says about death in a Christian context.  Interestingly, it is reported by witnesses that just before his own death his face assumed a beatific expression and shone forth with an unnatural light, a phenomenon interpreted by Orthodox as the Uncreated or Taboric Light, a visible manifestation of God Himself.  The excerpt below is found on pp 359-360.

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This revelation of the spiritual world in death is the greatest joy and an ineffable triumph for all those who, in this life, yearned for this spiritual world from which they had been exiled.  But death is an inexpressible horror, anguish, and torment for those who did not want this spiritual world, did not know it, rejected it.  And here one is confronted with with this greatest of trials, which makes inevitable one's transformation from a corporeal being into a spiritual being.  One who was flesh is forced now to become directly convinced of the existence of his spiritual nature.  However, even after death, a human being does not stop being a human being, forever connected with this world by his corporeality.  But, for the fullness of spiritual-corporeal being and spiritual-psychic being, before death and after death.  The two halves are inseparably linked; they both belong to the life of the same individual, to his unique life that would have been free of this rupture if it had remained apart from this pathological dialectic of life and death, from the schism of the dual-unity.  But this is no longer the case:  to achieve fullness of humanization, a human being must go to the end of himself, not only in mortal life but also in the afterlife state, in order to attain the ripeness that makes him capable of receiving resurrection to eternal life in the fullness of true humanity.  Understood this way, as an essentially necessary part of human life, death is actually an act of continuing life, although life that is affected by "dormition".

Heschel on Fear vs Awe  

Posted by Joe Rawls

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972) was one of the greatest Jewish philosophers of the 20th century. A native of Poland, he taught for many years at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City.  Besides his scholarly work, he was passionately committed to social justice and marched with Dr King at Selma.  In his book God in Search of Man (Jewish Publication Society 1956) he points out that the biblical Hebrew word yirah, conventionally translated as fear (as in "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom", in Psalm 111: 10) can also--and perhaps better--be rendered as awe.  The implications of this insight for Christian theology need hardly be exaggerated.  The following quote is taken from pp 76-77 of his book.

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 According to the Bible the principal religious virtue is yirah.  What is the nature of yirah?  The word has two meanings:  fear and awe.  There is the man who fears the Lord lest he be punished in his body, family, or in his possessions.  Another man fears the Lord because he is afraid of punishment in the life to come.  Both types are considered inferior in Jewish tradition.  Job, who said, "Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him," was not motivated in his piety by fear, but rather by awe, by the realization of the grandeur of His eternal love.

Fear is the anticipation and expectation of evil or pain, as contrasted with hope which is the anticipation of good.  Awe, on the other hand, is the sense of wonder and humility inspired by the sublime or felt in the presence of mystery.  Fear is "a surrender of the succors which reason offers," awe is the acquisition of insights which the world holds in store for us.  Awe, unlike fear, does not make us shrink from the awe-inspiring object, but, on the contrary, draws us near to it.  This is why awe is compatible with both love and joy.

In a sense, awe is the antithesis of fear.  To feel "The Lord is my light and my salvation" is to feel "Whom shall I fear?" (Psalm 27:1)...

Awe precedes faith; it is at the root of faith.  We must grow in awe in order to reach faith.  We must be guided by awe to be be worthy of faith.  Awe, rather than faith is the cardinal attitude of the religious Jew.  It is "the beginning and gateway of faith, the first precept of all, and upon it the whole world is established."  In  Judaism, yirat hashem, the awe of God, or yirat shamayim, the "awe of heaven", is almost equivalent to the word "religion".  In Biblical language the religious man is not called "believer", as he is for example in Islam (mu'min), but yare hashem.